Protocol Layering in Computer Networks: A Comparative Survey on OSI and TCP/IP Applications, Security Vulnerabilities, and Cross-Layer Directions

Abstract

This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) of protocol layering architectures, comparing the OSI seven-layer model with the TCP/IP four-layer suite based on literature published between 2022 and 2026. The review finds that strict protocol layering creates systemic vulnerabilities. Informational isolation between layers enables DHCP starvation attacks, where servers accept spoofed requests due to a lack of link-layer authentication. Additionally, HTTP/TCP performance suffers when transport protocols misinterpret reconfiguration events as congestion. In response, the study examines Cross-Layer Design (CLD) as an alternative paradigm. CLD enables controlled information sharing across non-adjacent layers but introduces trade-offs, including loss of modularity and increased complexity.