Estradiol Hormone, Vitamin D, and Oxidative Stress Status in Women with Habitual Abortion

Abstract

Habitual abortion (HA) is well-defined as 3 or more sequential pregnancy losses before twenty weeks of pregnancy and affects about >1% of couples trying to get a baby. It remains a multifaceted fertility trial, frequently connected to oxidative stress (OS), which is implicated in the pathophysiology of frequent reproductive problems, including abortion, infertility, fetal growth restriction, and preterm labor. The disproportion concerning the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the capacity of the body system to neutralize their destructive effects on lipid, protein, and nucleic acid is termed as OS. Subsequently, it is crucial for regulating various physiological purposes; this disproportion is closely related to the expansion and sequence of numerous illnesses. The aimed of this research was to evaluate estradiol (E2), vitamin D (VD), and oxidative stress markers (OSMs): malondialdehydee (MDA), peroxynitrite (ONOO^-), and glutathione (GSH) in women with habitual abortion in addition to explore whether vitamin D deficiency and hormonal dysregulation contribute to a disrupted redox state, which may impair placental function and trigger pregnancy cessation as well as recurrent habitual abortion. This study comprised 96 women participants, consisting of 42 healthy pregnant volunteers as controls and 54 women with habitual abortion, who were divided into subcategories according to their maternal and gestational age. About the measured results in the present work, an important reduction of serum estradiol, vitamin D, and glutathione was shown in women with HA, consistent with healthy pregnant women, while a significant elevation was observed in the oxidant markers MDA and ONOO^-. The effect of maternal age among women with habitual abortion showed a significant drop of VD, and GSH with increasing maternal age, whereas oxidant markers showed a significant rise, as well as a non-significant alteration in estradiol was noticed concerning the 2 age groups. Finally, no significant effect of gestational age on all parameters measured in this study was observed in women of HA, except E2, which showed a significant rise in the 2^nd trimester of habitually aborted women.